Client Inspiration

 

History of crime fictions

While the archetype for a murder mystery dates back to "The Three Apples" in the One Thousand and One Nights,^[1] crime fiction began to be considered as a serious genre only around 1900. The earliest known crime novel is "The Rector of Veilbye" by the Danish author Steen Steensen Blicher, published in 1829. Better known are the earlier dark works of Edgar Allan Poe (e.g., "The Murders in the Rue Morgue " (1841), " The Mystery of Marie Roget " (1842), and "The Purloined Letter" (1844). Wilkie Collins' epistolary novel The Woman in White was published in 1860, while The Moonstone (1868) is often thought to be his masterpiece. French author Émile Gaboriau's Monsieur Lecoq (1868) laid the groundwork for the methodical, scientifically minded detective. The evolution of locked room mysteries was one of the landmarks in the history of crime fiction. The Sherlock Holmes mysteries of Arthur Conan Doyle are said to have been singularly responsible for the huge popularity in this genre. A precursor was Paul Féval, whose series Les Habits Noirs (1862–67) features Scotland Yard detectives and criminal conspiracies.
The evolution of the print mass media in the United Kingdom and the United States in the latter half of the 19th century was crucial in popularising crime fiction and related genres. Literary 'variety' magazines like Strand, McClure's, and Harper's quickly became central to the overall structure and function of popular fiction in society, providing a mass-produced medium that offered cheap, illustrated publications that were essentially disposable.
Like the works of many other important fiction writers of his day—e.g. Wilkie Collins and Charles Dickens—Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories first appeared in serial form in the monthly Strand magazine in the United Kingdom. The series quickly attracted a wide and passionate following on both sides of the Atlantic, and when Doyle killed off Holmes in The Final Problem, the public outcry was so great, and the publishing offers for more stories so attractive, that he was reluctantly forced to resurrect him.
Later a set of stereotypic formulae began to appear to cater to various tastes.

Categories of crime fiction [edit]

Crime fiction can be divided into the following branches:

Detective fiction [edit]

Main article: Detective fiction

• The whodunit: The most common form of detective fiction. It features a complex, plot-driven story in which the reader is provided with clues from which the identity of the perpetrator of the crime may be deduced before the solution is revealed at the end of the book.
• Locked room mystery: A specialized kind of a whodunit in which the crime is committed under apparently impossible circumstances, such as a locked room which no intruder could have entered or left.
• Cozy: A subgenre of detective fiction in which sex, profanity or violence are downplayed or treated humorously.

Later and contemporary contributions to the whodunit [edit]

• The historical whodunnit: Also a sub-genre of historical fiction. The setting of the story and the crime has some historical significance
• The inverted detective story: Also known as "howcatchem", the commission of the crime and the identity of the perpetrator is revealed to the reader first, then the rest of the story describes the detective's attempt to solve the mystery.
• The American hard-boiled school: Distinguished by the unsentimental portrayal of violence and sex, the sleuth usually also confronts danger and engages in violence.
• The police procedural: The detective is a member of the police, and thus the activities of a police force are usually convincingly depicted.
• The legal thriller: The major characters are instead lawyers and their employees, and they become involved in proving their cases.
• The spy novel: The major characters are instead spies, usually working for an intelligence agency.
• Caper stories and the criminal novel: Stories told from the point of view of the criminals.
• The psychological suspense: This specific sub-genre of the thriller genre also incorporates elements from detective fiction, as the protagonist must solve the mystery of the psychological conflict presented in these types of stories.
• Spoofs and parodies.

Crime fiction and mainstream fiction [edit]

When trying to pigeon-hole fiction, it is extraordinarily difficult to tell where crime fiction starts and where it ends. This is largely attributed to the fact that love, danger and death are central motifs in fiction. A less obvious reason is that the classification of a work may very well be related to the author's reputation.
For example, William Somerset Maugham's (1874–1966) novella Up at the Villa (1941) could very well be classified as crime fiction. This short novel revolves around a woman having a one-night stand with a total stranger who suddenly and unexpectedly commits suicide in her bedroom, and the woman's attempts at disposing of the body so as not to cause a scandal about herself or be suspected of killing the man. As Maugham is not usually rated as a writer of crime novels, Up at the Villa is hardly ever considered to be a crime novel and accordingly can be found in bookshops among his other, "mainstream" novels.
A more recent example is Bret Easton Ellis's (born 1964) seminal novel American Psycho (1991) about the double life of Patrick Bateman, a Wall Street yuppie and serial killer in the New York of the 1980s. Even though in American Psycho the most heinous crimes are depicted in minute detail, the novel has never been labelled a "crime novel", maybe because it is never explicitly mentioned whether Bateman actually commits the crimes or rather just fantasizes about them.
On the other hand, U.S. author James M. Cain is normally seen as a writer belonging to the "hard-boiled" school of crime fiction. However, his novel Mildred Pierce (1941) is really about the rise to success of an ordinary housewife developing her entrepreneurial skills and—legally—outsmarting her business rivals, and the domestic trouble caused by her success, with, in turn, her husband, her daughter and her lover turning against her. Although no crime is committed anywhere in the book, the novel was reprinted in 1989 by Random House, alongside Cain's thriller The Postman Always Rings Twice (1934), under the heading "Vintage Crime".
When film director Michael Curtiz adapted Mildred Pierce for the big screen in 1945, he lived up to the cinemagoers' and the producers' expectations by adding a murder that is not in the novel. As potential cinemagoers had been associating Cain with hard-boiled crime fiction only, this trick—exploited in advertisements and trailers—in combination with the casting of then Hollywood star Joan Crawford in the title role made sure that the film was going to be a box office hit even before it was released.
Seen from a practical point of view, one could argue that a crime novel is simply a novel that can be found in a bookshop on the shelf or shelves labelled "Crime". (This suggestion has actually been made about science fiction, but it can be applied here as well.) Penguin Books have had a long-standing tradition of publishing crime novels in paperback editions with green covers and spines (as opposed to the orange spines of mainstream literature), thus attracting the eyes of potential buyers already when they enter the shop. But again, this clever marketing strategy does not tell casual browsers what they are really in for when they buy a particular book.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_fiction

book

Ebook software attemp

artifact4 - ibook

test piece for flip book

validation working

jQuery Validation Plugin for contact form to validate required fields

/**
 * jQuery Validation Plugin 1.9.0
 *
 * http://bassistance.de/jquery-plugins/jquery-plugin-validation/
 * http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2006 - 2011 Jörn Zaefferer
 *
 * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses:
 *   http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
 *   http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html
 */

(function($) {

$.extend($.fn, {
    // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/validate
    validate: function( options ) {

        // if nothing is selected, return nothing; can't chain anyway
        if (!this.length) {
            options && options.debug && window.console && console.warn( "nothing selected, can't validate, returning nothing" );
            return;
        }

        // check if a validator for this form was already created
        var validator = $.data(this[0], 'validator');
        if ( validator ) {
            return validator;
        }

        // Add novalidate tag if HTML5.
        this.attr('novalidate', 'novalidate');

        validator = new $.validator( options, this[0] );
        $.data(this[0], 'validator', validator);

        if ( validator.settings.onsubmit ) {

            var inputsAndButtons = this.find("input, button");

            // allow suppresing validation by adding a cancel class to the submit button
            inputsAndButtons.filter(".cancel").click(function () {
                validator.cancelSubmit = true;
            });

            // when a submitHandler is used, capture the submitting button
            if (validator.settings.submitHandler) {
                inputsAndButtons.filter(":submit").click(function () {
                    validator.submitButton = this;
                });
            }

            // validate the form on submit
            this.submit( function( event ) {
                if ( validator.settings.debug )
                    // prevent form submit to be able to see console output
                    event.preventDefault();

                function handle() {
                    if ( validator.settings.submitHandler ) {
                        if (validator.submitButton) {
                            // insert a hidden input as a replacement for the missing submit button
                            var hidden = $("<input type='hidden'/>").attr("name", validator.submitButton.name).val(validator.submitButton.value).appendTo(validator.currentForm);
                        }
                        validator.settings.submitHandler.call( validator, validator.currentForm );
                        if (validator.submitButton) {
                            // and clean up afterwards; thanks to no-block-scope, hidden can be referenced
                            hidden.remove();
                        }
                        return false;
                    }
                    return true;
                }

                // prevent submit for invalid forms or custom submit handlers
                if ( validator.cancelSubmit ) {
                    validator.cancelSubmit = false;
                    return handle();
                }
                if ( validator.form() ) {
                    if ( validator.pendingRequest ) {
                        validator.formSubmitted = true;
                        return false;
                    }
                    return handle();
                } else {
                    validator.focusInvalid();
                    return false;
                }
            });
        }

        return validator;
    },
    // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/valid
    valid: function() {
        if ( $(this[0]).is('form')) {
            return this.validate().form();
        } else {
            var valid = true;
            var validator = $(this[0].form).validate();
            this.each(function() {
                valid &= validator.element(this);
            });
            return valid;
        }
    },
    // attributes: space seperated list of attributes to retrieve and remove
    removeAttrs: function(attributes) {
        var result = {},
            $element = this;
        $.each(attributes.split(/\s/), function(index, value) {
            result[value] = $element.attr(value);
            $element.removeAttr(value);
        });
        return result;
    },
    // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/rules
    rules: function(command, argument) {
        var element = this[0];

        if (command) {
            var settings = $.data(element.form, 'validator').settings;
            var staticRules = settings.rules;
            var existingRules = $.validator.staticRules(element);
            switch(command) {
            case "add":
                $.extend(existingRules, $.validator.normalizeRule(argument));
                staticRules[element.name] = existingRules;
                if (argument.messages)
                    settings.messages[element.name] = $.extend( settings.messages[element.name], argument.messages );
                break;
            case "remove":
                if (!argument) {
                    delete staticRules[element.name];
                    return existingRules;
                }
                var filtered = {};
                $.each(argument.split(/\s/), function(index, method) {
                    filtered[method] = existingRules[method];
                    delete existingRules[method];
                });
                return filtered;
            }
        }

        var data = $.validator.normalizeRules(
        $.extend(
            {},
            $.validator.metadataRules(element),
            $.validator.classRules(element),
            $.validator.attributeRules(element),
            $.validator.staticRules(element)
        ), element);

        // make sure required is at front
        if (data.required) {
            var param = data.required;
            delete data.required;
            data = $.extend({required: param}, data);
        }

        return data;
    }
});

// Custom selectors
$.extend($.expr[":"], {
    // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/blank
    blank: function(a) {return !$.trim("" + a.value);},
    // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/filled
    filled: function(a) {return !!$.trim("" + a.value);},
    // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/unchecked
    unchecked: function(a) {return !a.checked;}
});

// constructor for validator
$.validator = function( options, form ) {
    this.settings = $.extend( true, {}, $.validator.defaults, options );
    this.currentForm = form;
    this.init();
};

$.validator.format = function(source, params) {
    if ( arguments.length == 1 )
        return function() {
            var args = $.makeArray(arguments);
            args.unshift(source);
            return $.validator.format.apply( this, args );
        };
    if ( arguments.length > 2 && params.constructor != Array  ) {
        params = $.makeArray(arguments).slice(1);
    }
    if ( params.constructor != Array ) {
        params = [ params ];
    }
    $.each(params, function(i, n) {
        source = source.replace(new RegExp("\\{" + i + "\\}", "g"), n);
    });
    return source;
};

$.extend($.validator, {

    defaults: {
        messages: {},
        groups: {},
        rules: {},
        errorClass: "error",
        validClass: "valid",
        errorElement: "label",
        focusInvalid: true,
        errorContainer: $( [] ),
        errorLabelContainer: $( [] ),
        onsubmit: true,
        ignore: ":hidden",
        ignoreTitle: false,
        onfocusin: function(element, event) {
            this.lastActive = element;

            // hide error label and remove error class on focus if enabled
            if ( this.settings.focusCleanup && !this.blockFocusCleanup ) {
                this.settings.unhighlight && this.settings.unhighlight.call( this, element, this.settings.errorClass, this.settings.validClass );
                this.addWrapper(this.errorsFor(element)).hide();
            }
        },
        onfocusout: function(element, event) {
            if ( !this.checkable(element) && (element.name in this.submitted || !this.optional(element)) ) {
                this.element(element);
            }
        },
        onkeyup: function(element, event) {
            if ( element.name in this.submitted || element == this.lastElement ) {
                this.element(element);
            }
        },
        onclick: function(element, event) {
            // click on selects, radiobuttons and checkboxes
            if ( element.name in this.submitted )
                this.element(element);
            // or option elements, check parent select in that case
            else if (element.parentNode.name in this.submitted)
                this.element(element.parentNode);
        },
        highlight: function(element, errorClass, validClass) {
            if (element.type === 'radio') {
                this.findByName(element.name).addClass(errorClass).removeClass(validClass);
            } else {
                $(element).addClass(errorClass).removeClass(validClass);
            }
        },
        unhighlight: function(element, errorClass, validClass) {
            if (element.type === 'radio') {
                this.findByName(element.name).removeClass(errorClass).addClass(validClass);
            } else {
                $(element).removeClass(errorClass).addClass(validClass);
            }
        }
    },

    // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/Validator/setDefaults
    setDefaults: function(settings) {
        $.extend( $.validator.defaults, settings );
    },

    messages: {
        required: "This field is required.",
        remote: "Please fix this field.",
        email: "Please enter a valid email address.",
        url: "Please enter a valid URL.",
        date: "Please enter a valid date.",
        dateISO: "Please enter a valid date (ISO).",
        number: "Please enter a valid number.",
        digits: "Please enter only digits.",
        creditcard: "Please enter a valid credit card number.",
        equalTo: "Please enter the same value again.",
        accept: "Please enter a value with a valid extension.",
        maxlength: $.validator.format("Please enter no more than {0} characters."),
        minlength: $.validator.format("Please enter at least {0} characters."),
        rangelength: $.validator.format("Please enter a value between {0} and {1} characters long."),
        range: $.validator.format("Please enter a value between {0} and {1}."),
        max: $.validator.format("Please enter a value less than or equal to {0}."),
        min: $.validator.format("Please enter a value greater than or equal to {0}.")
    },

    autoCreateRanges: false,

    prototype: {

        init: function() {
            this.labelContainer = $(this.settings.errorLabelContainer);
            this.errorContext = this.labelContainer.length && this.labelContainer || $(this.currentForm);
            this.containers = $(this.settings.errorContainer).add( this.settings.errorLabelContainer );
            this.submitted = {};
            this.valueCache = {};
            this.pendingRequest = 0;
            this.pending = {};
            this.invalid = {};
            this.reset();

            var groups = (this.groups = {});
            $.each(this.settings.groups, function(key, value) {
                $.each(value.split(/\s/), function(index, name) {
                    groups[name] = key;
                });
            });
            var rules = this.settings.rules;
            $.each(rules, function(key, value) {
                rules[key] = $.validator.normalizeRule(value);
            });

            function delegate(event) {
                var validator = $.data(this[0].form, "validator"),
                    eventType = "on" + event.type.replace(/^validate/, "");
                validator.settings[eventType] && validator.settings[eventType].call(validator, this[0], event);
            }
            $(this.currentForm)
                   .validateDelegate("[type='text'], [type='password'], [type='file'], select, textarea, " +
                        "[type='number'], [type='search'] ,[type='tel'], [type='url'], " +
                        "[type='email'], [type='datetime'], [type='date'], [type='month'], " +
                        "[type='week'], [type='time'], [type='datetime-local'], " +
                        "[type='range'], [type='color'] ",
                        "focusin focusout keyup", delegate)
                .validateDelegate("[type='radio'], [type='checkbox'], select, option", "click", delegate);

            if (this.settings.invalidHandler)
                $(this.currentForm).bind("invalid-form.validate", this.settings.invalidHandler);
        },

        // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/Validator/form
        form: function() {
            this.checkForm();
            $.extend(this.submitted, this.errorMap);
            this.invalid = $.extend({}, this.errorMap);
            if (!this.valid())
                $(this.currentForm).triggerHandler("invalid-form", [this]);
            this.showErrors();
            return this.valid();
        },

        checkForm: function() {
            this.prepareForm();
            for ( var i = 0, elements = (this.currentElements = this.elements()); elements[i]; i++ ) {
                this.check( elements[i] );
            }
            return this.valid();
        },

        // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/Validator/element
        element: function( element ) {
            element = this.validationTargetFor( this.clean( element ) );
            this.lastElement = element;
            this.prepareElement( element );
            this.currentElements = $(element);
            var result = this.check( element );
            if ( result ) {
                delete this.invalid[element.name];
            } else {
                this.invalid[element.name] = true;
            }
            if ( !this.numberOfInvalids() ) {
                // Hide error containers on last error
                this.toHide = this.toHide.add( this.containers );
            }
            this.showErrors();
            return result;
        },

        // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/Validator/showErrors
        showErrors: function(errors) {
            if(errors) {
                // add items to error list and map
                $.extend( this.errorMap, errors );
                this.errorList = [];
                for ( var name in errors ) {
                    this.errorList.push({
                        message: errors[name],
                        element: this.findByName(name)[0]
                    });
                }
                // remove items from success list
                this.successList = $.grep( this.successList, function(element) {
                    return !(element.name in errors);
                });
            }
            this.settings.showErrors
                ? this.settings.showErrors.call( this, this.errorMap, this.errorList )
                : this.defaultShowErrors();
        },

        // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/Validator/resetForm
        resetForm: function() {
            if ( $.fn.resetForm )
                $( this.currentForm ).resetForm();
            this.submitted = {};
            this.lastElement = null;
            this.prepareForm();
            this.hideErrors();
            this.elements().removeClass( this.settings.errorClass );
        },

        numberOfInvalids: function() {
            return this.objectLength(this.invalid);
        },

        objectLength: function( obj ) {
            var count = 0;
            for ( var i in obj )
                count++;
            return count;
        },

        hideErrors: function() {
            this.addWrapper( this.toHide ).hide();
        },

        valid: function() {
            return this.size() == 0;
        },

        size: function() {
            return this.errorList.length;
        },

        focusInvalid: function() {
            if( this.settings.focusInvalid ) {
                try {
                    $(this.findLastActive() || this.errorList.length && this.errorList[0].element || [])
                    .filter(":visible")
                    .focus()
                    // manually trigger focusin event; without it, focusin handler isn't called, findLastActive won't have anything to find
                    .trigger("focusin");
                } catch(e) {
                    // ignore IE throwing errors when focusing hidden elements
                }
            }
        },

        findLastActive: function() {
            var lastActive = this.lastActive;
            return lastActive && $.grep(this.errorList, function(n) {
                return n.element.name == lastActive.name;
            }).length == 1 && lastActive;
        },

        elements: function() {
            var validator = this,
                rulesCache = {};

            // select all valid inputs inside the form (no submit or reset buttons)
            return $(this.currentForm)
            .find("input, select, textarea")
            .not(":submit, :reset, :image, [disabled]")
            .not( this.settings.ignore )
            .filter(function() {
                !this.name && validator.settings.debug && window.console && console.error( "%o has no name assigned", this);

                // select only the first element for each name, and only those with rules specified
                if ( this.name in rulesCache || !validator.objectLength($(this).rules()) )
                    return false;

                rulesCache[this.name] = true;
                return true;
            });
        },

        clean: function( selector ) {
            return $( selector )[0];
        },

        errors: function() {
            return $( this.settings.errorElement + "." + this.settings.errorClass, this.errorContext );
        },

        reset: function() {
            this.successList = [];
            this.errorList = [];
            this.errorMap = {};
            this.toShow = $([]);
            this.toHide = $([]);
            this.currentElements = $([]);
        },

        prepareForm: function() {
            this.reset();
            this.toHide = this.errors().add( this.containers );
        },

        prepareElement: function( element ) {
            this.reset();
            this.toHide = this.errorsFor(element);
        },

        check: function( element ) {
            element = this.validationTargetFor( this.clean( element ) );

            var rules = $(element).rules();
            var dependencyMismatch = false;
            for (var method in rules ) {
                var rule = { method: method, parameters: rules[method] };
                try {
                    var result = $.validator.methods[method].call( this, element.value.replace(/\r/g, ""), element, rule.parameters );

                    // if a method indicates that the field is optional and therefore valid,
                    // don't mark it as valid when there are no other rules
                    if ( result == "dependency-mismatch" ) {
                        dependencyMismatch = true;
                        continue;
                    }
                    dependencyMismatch = false;

                    if ( result == "pending" ) {
                        this.toHide = this.toHide.not( this.errorsFor(element) );
                        return;
                    }

                    if( !result ) {
                        this.formatAndAdd( element, rule );
                        return false;
                    }
                } catch(e) {
                    this.settings.debug && window.console && console.log("exception occured when checking element " + element.id
                         + ", check the '" + rule.method + "' method", e);
                    throw e;
                }
            }
            if (dependencyMismatch)
                return;
            if ( this.objectLength(rules) )
                this.successList.push(element);
            return true;
        },

        // return the custom message for the given element and validation method
        // specified in the element's "messages" metadata
        customMetaMessage: function(element, method) {
            if (!$.metadata)
                return;

            var meta = this.settings.meta
                ? $(element).metadata()[this.settings.meta]
                : $(element).metadata();

            return meta && meta.messages && meta.messages[method];
        },

        // return the custom message for the given element name and validation method
        customMessage: function( name, method ) {
            var m = this.settings.messages[name];
            return m && (m.constructor == String
                ? m
                : m[method]);
        },

        // return the first defined argument, allowing empty strings
        findDefined: function() {
            for(var i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {
                if (arguments[i] !== undefined)
                    return arguments[i];
            }
            return undefined;
        },

        defaultMessage: function( element, method) {
            return this.findDefined(
                this.customMessage( element.name, method ),
                this.customMetaMessage( element, method ),
                // title is never undefined, so handle empty string as undefined
                !this.settings.ignoreTitle && element.title || undefined,
                $.validator.messages[method],
                "<strong>Warning: No message defined for " + element.name + "</strong>"
            );
        },

        formatAndAdd: function( element, rule ) {
            var message = this.defaultMessage( element, rule.method ),
                theregex = /\$?\{(\d+)\}/g;
            if ( typeof message == "function" ) {
                message = message.call(this, rule.parameters, element);
            } else if (theregex.test(message)) {
                message = jQuery.format(message.replace(theregex, '{$1}'), rule.parameters);
            }
            this.errorList.push({
                message: message,
                element: element
            });

            this.errorMap[element.name] = message;
            this.submitted[element.name] = message;
        },

        addWrapper: function(toToggle) {
            if ( this.settings.wrapper )
                toToggle = toToggle.add( toToggle.parent( this.settings.wrapper ) );
            return toToggle;
        },

        defaultShowErrors: function() {
            for ( var i = 0; this.errorList[i]; i++ ) {
                var error = this.errorList[i];
                this.settings.highlight && this.settings.highlight.call( this, error.element, this.settings.errorClass, this.settings.validClass );
                this.showLabel( error.element, error.message );
            }
            if( this.errorList.length ) {
                this.toShow = this.toShow.add( this.containers );
            }
            if (this.settings.success) {
                for ( var i = 0; this.successList[i]; i++ ) {
                    this.showLabel( this.successList[i] );
                }
            }
            if (this.settings.unhighlight) {
                for ( var i = 0, elements = this.validElements(); elements[i]; i++ ) {
                    this.settings.unhighlight.call( this, elements[i], this.settings.errorClass, this.settings.validClass );
                }
            }
            this.toHide = this.toHide.not( this.toShow );
            this.hideErrors();
            this.addWrapper( this.toShow ).show();
        },

        validElements: function() {
            return this.currentElements.not(this.invalidElements());
        },

        invalidElements: function() {
            return $(this.errorList).map(function() {
                return this.element;
            });
        },

        showLabel: function(element, message) {
            var label = this.errorsFor( element );
            if ( label.length ) {
                // refresh error/success class
                label.removeClass( this.settings.validClass ).addClass( this.settings.errorClass );

                // check if we have a generated label, replace the message then
                label.attr("generated") && label.html(message);
            } else {
                // create label
                label = $("<" + this.settings.errorElement + "/>")
                    .attr({"for":  this.idOrName(element), generated: true})
                    .addClass(this.settings.errorClass)
                    .html(message || "");
                if ( this.settings.wrapper ) {
                    // make sure the element is visible, even in IE
                    // actually showing the wrapped element is handled elsewhere
                    label = label.hide().show().wrap("<" + this.settings.wrapper + "/>").parent();
                }
                if ( !this.labelContainer.append(label).length )
                    this.settings.errorPlacement
                        ? this.settings.errorPlacement(label, $(element) )
                        : label.insertAfter(element);
            }
            if ( !message && this.settings.success ) {
                label.text("");
                typeof this.settings.success == "string"
                    ? label.addClass( this.settings.success )
                    : this.settings.success( label );
            }
            this.toShow = this.toShow.add(label);
        },

        errorsFor: function(element) {
            var name = this.idOrName(element);
            return this.errors().filter(function() {
                return $(this).attr('for') == name;
            });
        },

        idOrName: function(element) {
            return this.groups[element.name] || (this.checkable(element) ? element.name : element.id || element.name);
        },

        validationTargetFor: function(element) {
            // if radio/checkbox, validate first element in group instead
            if (this.checkable(element)) {
                element = this.findByName( element.name ).not(this.settings.ignore)[0];
            }
            return element;
        },

        checkable: function( element ) {
            return /radio|checkbox/i.test(element.type);
        },

        findByName: function( name ) {
            // select by name and filter by form for performance over form.find("[name=...]")
            var form = this.currentForm;
            return $(document.getElementsByName(name)).map(function(index, element) {
                return element.form == form && element.name == name && element  || null;
            });
        },

        getLength: function(value, element) {
            switch( element.nodeName.toLowerCase() ) {
            case 'select':
                return $("option:selected", element).length;
            case 'input':
                if( this.checkable( element) )
                    return this.findByName(element.name).filter(':checked').length;
            }
            return value.length;
        },

        depend: function(param, element) {
            return this.dependTypes[typeof param]
                ? this.dependTypes[typeof param](param, element)
                : true;
        },

        dependTypes: {
            "boolean": function(param, element) {
                return param;
            },
            "string": function(param, element) {
                return !!$(param, element.form).length;
            },
            "function": function(param, element) {
                return param(element);
            }
        },

        optional: function(element) {
            return !$.validator.methods.required.call(this, $.trim(element.value), element) && "dependency-mismatch";
        },

        startRequest: function(element) {
            if (!this.pending[element.name]) {
                this.pendingRequest++;
                this.pending[element.name] = true;
            }
        },

        stopRequest: function(element, valid) {
            this.pendingRequest--;
            // sometimes synchronization fails, make sure pendingRequest is never < 0
            if (this.pendingRequest < 0)
                this.pendingRequest = 0;
            delete this.pending[element.name];
            if ( valid && this.pendingRequest == 0 && this.formSubmitted && this.form() ) {
                $(this.currentForm).submit();
                this.formSubmitted = false;
            } else if (!valid && this.pendingRequest == 0 && this.formSubmitted) {
                $(this.currentForm).triggerHandler("invalid-form", [this]);
                this.formSubmitted = false;
            }
        },

        previousValue: function(element) {
            return $.data(element, "previousValue") || $.data(element, "previousValue", {
                old: null,
                valid: true,
                message: this.defaultMessage( element, "remote" )
            });
        }

    },

    classRuleSettings: {
        required: {required: true},
        email: {email: true},
        url: {url: true},
        date: {date: true},
        dateISO: {dateISO: true},
        dateDE: {dateDE: true},
        number: {number: true},
        numberDE: {numberDE: true},
        digits: {digits: true},
        creditcard: {creditcard: true}
    },

    addClassRules: function(className, rules) {
        className.constructor == String ?
            this.classRuleSettings[className] = rules :
            $.extend(this.classRuleSettings, className);
    },

    classRules: function(element) {
        var rules = {};
        var classes = $(element).attr('class');
        classes && $.each(classes.split(' '), function() {
            if (this in $.validator.classRuleSettings) {
                $.extend(rules, $.validator.classRuleSettings[this]);
            }
        });
        return rules;
    },

    attributeRules: function(element) {
        var rules = {};
        var $element = $(element);

        for (var method in $.validator.methods) {
            var value;
            // If .prop exists (jQuery >= 1.6), use it to get true/false for required
            if (method === 'required' && typeof $.fn.prop === 'function') {
                value = $element.prop(method);
            } else {
                value = $element.attr(method);
            }
            if (value) {
                rules[method] = value;
            } else if ($element[0].getAttribute("type") === method) {
                rules[method] = true;
            }
        }

        // maxlength may be returned as -1, 2147483647 (IE) and 524288 (safari) for text inputs
        if (rules.maxlength && /-1|2147483647|524288/.test(rules.maxlength)) {
            delete rules.maxlength;
        }

        return rules;
    },

    metadataRules: function(element) {
        if (!$.metadata) return {};

        var meta = $.data(element.form, 'validator').settings.meta;
        return meta ?
            $(element).metadata()[meta] :
            $(element).metadata();
    },

    staticRules: function(element) {
        var rules = {};
        var validator = $.data(element.form, 'validator');
        if (validator.settings.rules) {
            rules = $.validator.normalizeRule(validator.settings.rules[element.name]) || {};
        }
        return rules;
    },

    normalizeRules: function(rules, element) {
        // handle dependency check
        $.each(rules, function(prop, val) {
            // ignore rule when param is explicitly false, eg. required:false
            if (val === false) {
                delete rules[prop];
                return;
            }
            if (val.param || val.depends) {
                var keepRule = true;
                switch (typeof val.depends) {
                    case "string":
                        keepRule = !!$(val.depends, element.form).length;
                        break;
                    case "function":
                        keepRule = val.depends.call(element, element);
                        break;
                }
                if (keepRule) {
                    rules[prop] = val.param !== undefined ? val.param : true;
                } else {
                    delete rules[prop];
                }
            }
        });

        // evaluate parameters
        $.each(rules, function(rule, parameter) {
            rules[rule] = $.isFunction(parameter) ? parameter(element) : parameter;
        });

        // clean number parameters
        $.each(['minlength', 'maxlength', 'min', 'max'], function() {
            if (rules[this]) {
                rules[this] = Number(rules[this]);
            }
        });
        $.each(['rangelength', 'range'], function() {
            if (rules[this]) {
                rules[this] = [Number(rules[this][0]), Number(rules[this][1])];
            }
        });

        if ($.validator.autoCreateRanges) {
            // auto-create ranges
            if (rules.min && rules.max) {
                rules.range = [rules.min, rules.max];
                delete rules.min;
                delete rules.max;
            }
            if (rules.minlength && rules.maxlength) {
                rules.rangelength = [rules.minlength, rules.maxlength];
                delete rules.minlength;
                delete rules.maxlength;
            }
        }

        // To support custom messages in metadata ignore rule methods titled "messages"
        if (rules.messages) {
            delete rules.messages;
        }

        return rules;
    },

    // Converts a simple string to a {string: true} rule, e.g., "required" to {required:true}
    normalizeRule: function(data) {
        if( typeof data == "string" ) {
            var transformed = {};
            $.each(data.split(/\s/), function() {
                transformed[this] = true;
            });
            data = transformed;
        }
        return data;
    },

    // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/Validator/addMethod
    addMethod: function(name, method, message) {
        $.validator.methods[name] = method;
        $.validator.messages[name] = message != undefined ? message : $.validator.messages[name];
        if (method.length < 3) {
            $.validator.addClassRules(name, $.validator.normalizeRule(name));
        }
    },

    methods: {

        // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/Methods/required
        required: function(value, element, param) {
            // check if dependency is met
            if ( !this.depend(param, element) )
                return "dependency-mismatch";
            switch( element.nodeName.toLowerCase() ) {
            case 'select':
                // could be an array for select-multiple or a string, both are fine this way
                var val = $(element).val();
                return val && val.length > 0;
            case 'input':
                if ( this.checkable(element) )
                    return this.getLength(value, element) > 0;
            default:
                return $.trim(value).length > 0;
            }
        },

        // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/Methods/remote
        remote: function(value, element, param) {
            if ( this.optional(element) )
                return "dependency-mismatch";

            var previous = this.previousValue(element);
            if (!this.settings.messages[element.name] )
                this.settings.messages[element.name] = {};
            previous.originalMessage = this.settings.messages[element.name].remote;
            this.settings.messages[element.name].remote = previous.message;

            param = typeof param == "string" && {url:param} || param;

            if ( this.pending[element.name] ) {
                return "pending";
            }
            if ( previous.old === value ) {
                return previous.valid;
            }

            previous.old = value;
            var validator = this;
            this.startRequest(element);
            var data = {};
            data[element.name] = value;
            $.ajax($.extend(true, {
                url: param,
                mode: "abort",
                port: "validate" + element.name,
                dataType: "json",
                data: data,
                success: function(response) {
                    validator.settings.messages[element.name].remote = previous.originalMessage;
                    var valid = response === true;
                    if ( valid ) {
                        var submitted = validator.formSubmitted;
                        validator.prepareElement(element);
                        validator.formSubmitted = submitted;
                        validator.successList.push(element);
                        validator.showErrors();
                    } else {
                        var errors = {};
                        var message = response || validator.defaultMessage( element, "remote" );
                        errors[element.name] = previous.message = $.isFunction(message) ? message(value) : message;
                        validator.showErrors(errors);
                    }
                    previous.valid = valid;
                    validator.stopRequest(element, valid);
                }
            }, param));
            return "pending";
        },

        // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/Methods/minlength
        minlength: function(value, element, param) {
            return this.optional(element) || this.getLength($.trim(value), element) >= param;
        },

        // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/Methods/maxlength
        maxlength: function(value, element, param) {
            return this.optional(element) || this.getLength($.trim(value), element) <= param;
        },

        // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/Methods/rangelength
        rangelength: function(value, element, param) {
            var length = this.getLength($.trim(value), element);
            return this.optional(element) || ( length >= param[0] && length <= param[1] );
        },

        // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/Methods/min
        min: function( value, element, param ) {
            return this.optional(element) || value >= param;
        },

        // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/Methods/max
        max: function( value, element, param ) {
            return this.optional(element) || value <= param;
        },

        // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/Methods/range
        range: function( value, element, param ) {
            return this.optional(element) || ( value >= param[0] && value <= param[1] );
        },

        // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/Methods/email
        email: function(value, element) {
            // contributed by Scott Gonzalez: http://projects.scottsplayground.com/email_address_validation/
            return this.optional(element) || /^((([a-z]|\d|[!#\$%&'\*\+\-\/=\?\^_`{\|}~]|[\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF])+(\.([a-z]|\d|[!#\$%&'\*\+\-\/=\?\^_`{\|}~]|[\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF])+)*)|((\x22)((((\x20|\x09)*(\x0d\x0a))?(\x20|\x09)+)?(([\x01-\x08\x0b\x0c\x0e-\x1f\x7f]|\x21|[\x23-\x5b]|[\x5d-\x7e]|[\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF])|(\\([\x01-\x09\x0b\x0c\x0d-\x7f]|[\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF]))))*(((\x20|\x09)*(\x0d\x0a))?(\x20|\x09)+)?(\x22)))@((([a-z]|\d|[\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF])|(([a-z]|\d|[\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF])([a-z]|\d|-|\.|_|~|[\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF])*([a-z]|\d|[\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF])))\.)+(([a-z]|[\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF])|(([a-z]|[\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF])([a-z]|\d|-|\.|_|~|[\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF])*([a-z]|[\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF])))$/i.test(value);
        },

        // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/Methods/url
        url: function(value, element) {
            // contributed by Scott Gonzalez: http://projects.scottsplayground.com/iri/
            return this.optional(element) || /^(https?|ftp):\/\/(((([a-z]|\d|-|\.|_|~|[\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF])|(%[\da-f]{2})|[!\$&'\(\)\*\+,;=]|:)*@)?(((\d|[1-9]\d|1\d\d|2[0-4]\d|25[0-5])\.(\d|[1-9]\d|1\d\d|2[0-4]\d|25[0-5])\.(\d|[1-9]\d|1\d\d|2[0-4]\d|25[0-5])\.(\d|[1-9]\d|1\d\d|2[0-4]\d|25[0-5]))|((([a-z]|\d|[\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF])|(([a-z]|\d|[\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF])([a-z]|\d|-|\.|_|~|[\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF])*([a-z]|\d|[\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF])))\.)+(([a-z]|[\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF])|(([a-z]|[\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF])([a-z]|\d|-|\.|_|~|[\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF])*([a-z]|[\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF])))\.?)(:\d*)?)(\/((([a-z]|\d|-|\.|_|~|[\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF])|(%[\da-f]{2})|[!\$&'\(\)\*\+,;=]|:|@)+(\/(([a-z]|\d|-|\.|_|~|[\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF])|(%[\da-f]{2})|[!\$&'\(\)\*\+,;=]|:|@)*)*)?)?(\?((([a-z]|\d|-|\.|_|~|[\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF])|(%[\da-f]{2})|[!\$&'\(\)\*\+,;=]|:|@)|[\uE000-\uF8FF]|\/|\?)*)?(\#((([a-z]|\d|-|\.|_|~|[\u00A0-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFEF])|(%[\da-f]{2})|[!\$&'\(\)\*\+,;=]|:|@)|\/|\?)*)?$/i.test(value);
        },

        // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/Methods/date
        date: function(value, element) {
            return this.optional(element) || !/Invalid|NaN/.test(new Date(value));
        },

        // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/Methods/dateISO
        dateISO: function(value, element) {
            return this.optional(element) || /^\d{4}[\/-]\d{1,2}[\/-]\d{1,2}$/.test(value);
        },

        // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/Methods/number
        number: function(value, element) {
            return this.optional(element) || /^-?(?:\d+|\d{1,3}(?:,\d{3})+)(?:\.\d+)?$/.test(value);
        },

        // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/Methods/digits
        digits: function(value, element) {
            return this.optional(element) || /^\d+$/.test(value);
        },

        // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/Methods/creditcard
        // based on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn
        creditcard: function(value, element) {
            if ( this.optional(element) )
                return "dependency-mismatch";
            // accept only spaces, digits and dashes
            if (/[^0-9 -]+/.test(value))
                return false;
            var nCheck = 0,
                nDigit = 0,
                bEven = false;

            value = value.replace(/\D/g, "");

            for (var n = value.length - 1; n >= 0; n--) {
                var cDigit = value.charAt(n);
                var nDigit = parseInt(cDigit, 10);
                if (bEven) {
                    if ((nDigit *= 2) > 9)
                        nDigit -= 9;
                }
                nCheck += nDigit;
                bEven = !bEven;
            }

            return (nCheck % 10) == 0;
        },

        // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/Methods/accept
        accept: function(value, element, param) {
            param = typeof param == "string" ? param.replace(/,/g, '|') : "png|jpe?g|gif";
            return this.optional(element) || value.match(new RegExp(".(" + param + ")$", "i"));
        },

        // http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Validation/Methods/equalTo
        equalTo: function(value, element, param) {
            // bind to the blur event of the target in order to revalidate whenever the target field is updated
            // TODO find a way to bind the event just once, avoiding the unbind-rebind overhead
            var target = $(param).unbind(".validate-equalTo").bind("blur.validate-equalTo", function() {
                $(element).valid();
            });
            return value == target.val();
        }

    }

});

// deprecated, use $.validator.format instead
$.format = $.validator.format;

})(jQuery);

// ajax mode: abort
// usage: $.ajax({ mode: "abort"[, port: "uniqueport"]});
// if mode:"abort" is used, the previous request on that port (port can be undefined) is aborted via XMLHttpRequest.abort()
;(function($) {
    var pendingRequests = {};
    // Use a prefilter if available (1.5+)
    if ( $.ajaxPrefilter ) {
        $.ajaxPrefilter(function(settings, _, xhr) {
            var port = settings.port;
            if (settings.mode == "abort") {
                if ( pendingRequests[port] ) {
                    pendingRequests[port].abort();
                }
                pendingRequests[port] = xhr;
            }
        });
    } else {
        // Proxy ajax
        var ajax = $.ajax;
        $.ajax = function(settings) {
            var mode = ( "mode" in settings ? settings : $.ajaxSettings ).mode,
                port = ( "port" in settings ? settings : $.ajaxSettings ).port;
            if (mode == "abort") {
                if ( pendingRequests[port] ) {
                    pendingRequests[port].abort();
                }
                return (pendingRequests[port] = ajax.apply(this, arguments));
            }
            return ajax.apply(this, arguments);
        };
    }
})(jQuery);

// provides cross-browser focusin and focusout events
// IE has native support, in other browsers, use event caputuring (neither bubbles)

// provides delegate(type: String, delegate: Selector, handler: Callback) plugin for easier event delegation
// handler is only called when $(event.target).is(delegate), in the scope of the jquery-object for event.target
;(function($) {
    // only implement if not provided by jQuery core (since 1.4)
    // TODO verify if jQuery 1.4's implementation is compatible with older jQuery special-event APIs
    if (!jQuery.event.special.focusin && !jQuery.event.special.focusout && document.addEventListener) {
        $.each({
            focus: 'focusin',
            blur: 'focusout'
        }, function( original, fix ){
            $.event.special[fix] = {
                setup:function() {
                    this.addEventListener( original, handler, true );
                },
                teardown:function() {
                    this.removeEventListener( original, handler, true );
                },
                handler: function(e) {
                    arguments[0] = $.event.fix(e);
                    arguments[0].type = fix;
                    return $.event.handle.apply(this, arguments);
                }
            };
            function handler(e) {
                e = $.event.fix(e);
                e.type = fix;
                return $.event.handle.call(this, e);
            }
        });
    };
    $.extend($.fn, {
        validateDelegate: function(delegate, type, handler) {
            return this.bind(type, function(event) {
                var target = $(event.target);
                if (target.is(delegate)) {
                    return handler.apply(target, arguments);
                }
            });
        }
    });
})(jQuery);